10th SST Projects 

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NCERT Class 10th solution of Exercise 1.1

NCERT Class 10th solution of Exercise 2.1

10th Project Topics

1. How important did the civil disobedience movement prove to be in the direction of independence?
2. What type of industries were there in ancient times in India? Write in brief.
3. Describe the types of soils by showing them on the map.
4. How are industries polluting our water resources? Write an article on this.
5. Write an article on consumer awareness.
6. Write some branded products which we use daily. (Soaps, toothpaste, clothes, electronic items, etc.). Examine which of these products are produced by multinational companies?
7. Describe the various challenges of the democratic system of governance.
8. Write an article about the different parties in the Indian system of governance.
9. Write the contribution of Madhya Pradesh in various movements launched by Gandhiji.
10. Why is the Reserve Bank called the "Banker of Banks"? Write.

1. How important did the civil disobedience movement prove to be in the direction of independence?

Civil Disobedience Movement (humble defiance of law) 

How to continue the freedom struggle movement, after the suspension of the Non-cooperation movement, became a disputed matter within Congress. One faction of congress wanted to participate in the Parishad election whereas the majority still wanted In this scenario, members who wanted to contest elections made an independent party namely "Swaraj party."

A congress convention started in Lahore in December 1929. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru the president of the convention. He declared that "there is only one aim before and that is of total independence". In this convention, congress accepted the proposal of total independence, on midnight of 31 st December 1929, the Congress President, in the presence of a huge crowd, hoisted the flag of "Total independence" on the bank of river Ravi, and Congress took the decision of observing 25th January 1930 as the to independence day. Thus independence day was celebrated with zeal and enthusiasm, over the country.

December 1929, in the Labore convention, the working committee of Congress got the approval to start the "Civil Disobedience Movement, the Viceroy, Lord Irwin had lost accept the proposal of total independence but, Gandhiji was still hopeful about the month. He, therefore, put forward 11 demands before Land Irwin Gandhiji and also declared that if demands were not met, the Civil Disobedience Movement would be started.

Gandhi wanted the Government should consider the reduction in the rate of change, redaction land revenue should put a total ban on drinking liquor, should give licenses to keep pans, withdraw of tax on salt, release political prisoners who retain from violence, and keep control on Secret Service Department, 50% reduction in military expenses and reduce the import of cloth. Since Viceroy rejected all the Bemanis, Gandhiji started the Call disobedience movement, as per plan. 

2. What type of industries were there in ancient times in India? Write in brief.

Industry

For fulfillment of his needs man gets certain things from nature directly, certain things are produced by him with nature's help while some other things he/she manufactures or makes using the natural resources. This work of making or manufacturing things is called Industry.

In process of manufacturing things or making things man uses raw material and converts it into finished goods the man gets different things for his/her use like earthen or metallic utensils made of metal or clay, sugar in the olden days but during the British rule these industries suffered a great set back.

Type of industries

1. Cotton textiles

2. Steel and iron

3. Paper Industry

4. Ivory Carving

5. Silk Textiles

6. Pottery

7. Bronze and Brass work

8. Silver and Copper work

9. Dyeing

10. Calico Printing

1. Cotton textiles-

The first modern textile mill was established in Calcutta in the year 1818 but it was a failure. The first modern successful cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later. By 1862 four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms. Since the first cotton textile mill was set up in Mumbai it was known as the capital of the textile industry. Subsequently, this industry was localized in Ahmadabad and therefore Ahmadabad was named the 'Manchester' of India.

Around the same time, jute mills came up in Bengal, the first being set up in 1855 and another one seven years later, in 1862. In north India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s, and a year later the first cotton mill in Ahmedabad was set up. By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.

Dispersal of the cotton textile industry

Cotton is used as raw material in the cotton textiles industry. Cotton growing areas are therefore useful for setting up this industry. Besides, the humid climate is useful. Therefore, most of the units are localized closer to the seashore or cotton-growing areas. The main producing states are as under:

Maharashtra-

In the sector of cotton textiles, Maharashtra ranks first in India, there are 119 mills, and out of these 101 units are where both spinning and weaving are done. The remaining 18 mills are engaged only in spinning, Mumbai is the main industrial center: there are 54 cotton textile mills.

 

Gujrat-

Gujrat is the second biggest center. There are 118 mills out of which 24 are spinning and weaving mills and 24 are only spinning mills. Ahmadabad is the leading center of cotton textiles not only in Gujrat but in the whole country; where there are 69 mills.

Tamilnadu-

The state ranks third in the country. Here there are 439 small units. Most of the mills do spinning only. The credit for setting up of this industry in the state goes to electricity production.

2. Steel and iron-

The iron and steel industry is the backbone of the whole industrial world of modern times. Right from needles, nails, and pins to big things like cars machinery for industries, etc. Cannot possibly be manufactured without iron and steel. It is, therefore, the most important industry on which the nation's economic development is dependent.

In olden times this industry was in the form of a small-scale industry. The 150 years old iron pillar in Mehrauli near Kutub Minar, (Delhi) is proof of the antiquity of this industry.

Localization of the industry-

The industry is mainly localized in four regions:

a. Industries located in the coal belt- Burnpur, Hirapur, Kulti, Durgapur, and Bokaro.

b. Industries located in the iron-ore belt- Bhilai, Rourkela, Bhadravati,  Salem, Vijay Nagar, Chandrapur.

c. Steel industries located in areas between coal and iron ore belt which have transport facilities-  Jamshedpur

d. The iron and steel industry is located in coastal areas- Vishakhapattanam.

3. Paper Industry-

 

The Paper industry is the basis of modern civilization. Therefore paper industry is considered to be most important forest based industry. The art of preparing paper by hand developed in India in the 8th century. Before the rule, making paper was a cottage industry in India, Kalpi and Mathura were its main centers. The first successful paper mill was set up in India in the year 1716 in Trankubar in Tamilnadu. At the time of Independence, there were more than 100 paper mills in the country.

Paper is prepared out of pulp made of bamboo, rubber wood, and grass. Colour and `Sares` (an adhesive) are also used for paper making. In India, there is a shortage of wood used for making pulp, therefore we have to import pulp. These days rags, jute, and bagasse are also used as raw materials in the paper industry. The raw material used in Indian paper industry is as follows:

- Raw material from the forest - 53%

- Raw material from agricultural produce - 23%

- Wast paper - 15%

- Other raw material - 9%

 

Localization of the industry-

On average 2.38 tons of bamboo are needed to manufacture 1 ton of paper. Therefore paper industry in the country has been localized in places where, besides raw material, other geographical factors like plain land, transportation facilities, skilled labor, and power are available. Important Centres of paper production Karnataka, Kerala, Bihar, Jharkhand, etc. 

3. Describe the types of soils by showing them on the map.

Image from pintrest.com

Soil -Types and Distribution

Soil has been classified by many scientists. India is known for its topographical structure, vegetation, and diversity in its climate. Therefore, Indian soils are classified into the following types.

Alluvial Soil -

This is also known as clay or loamy so It is light brown in color and found up to 490 meters in depth This soil is generally deficient in nitrogen. phosphorous and humus but rich in potash and lime. Three major rivers of India the Satluj, the Ganges, and the Brahmaputra originating from the Himalayas and their tributaries transport this soil in India Fine particles are deposited in the delta region of these rivers after flowing hundreds of kilometers over thousand years. These fine particles are known as alluvium. This sail consists of fine sand, clay, and loamy particles

This soil is found in large areas of the country and is very important. It occupies 40 percent of the total area of the country It is found in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarkhand, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, and northeast Rajasthan situated in the basins of rivers Sattuj, Ganga, and the Brahmaputra originating from the Himalayas Similarly, in southern India it is found in the delta region of Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, eastern and western coastal plains as well as the interior parts of the valley of Narmada and Tapti.

Black Soil and Regur Soil 

This soil is also known as Regur or Black Cotton Soil. It is dark black, in colour and made up of finely grained particles. They retain moisture for a long time (They are generally deficient in nitrogen, phosphorous, and humus but rich in potash, lime, magnesium, aluminum, and iron. A number of chemical elements are found in this soil. They become sticky when wet and develop cracks on drying up. These cracks help in mixing air in the soil. In India,,it is found from Gujrat to Amarkantak and Belgaum to Guna. (It occurs in the region of the Deccan Trap in Maharashtra, Marathwada, Madhya Pradesh, the southern part of Orissa, northern districts of Karnataka southern and western areas of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh. It is suitable for cotton and cereals.

Red Soil -

This sail is derived from the disintegration of crystalline and metamorphic rocks in dry and wet climate Continuous heat on the hill slopes of Tapi river valley disintegrate the rocks and the iron present in these rocks is mixed with the soil which gives it a red colour. It is brown, chocolate, and yellow and in some places, it is black in colour its depth and fertility are not the same everywhere as it is made up of different types of rocks (It is porous in nature and is fertile when it is very fine and thick. It consists of iron, aluminum, and lime. On the uplands, this soil is thin, poor, gravely, stony, porous, and light coloured, but in the lowlands it is rich, deep dark coloured, fertile and red in colour. 

It is found from Bundelkhand in Uttar Pradesh to the southern peninsula and in Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra. Bajra crop is grown in this soil, but in dark red coloured soil cotton, wheat and millets are grown.

Laterite Soil -

This soil is formed in the regions which have dry and wet seasons by turn. It is formed due to the disintegration of laterite rocks. It is found on flat highlands. It is poor in lime, phosphorous, and potash but rich in humus. Deep laterite soil is rich in iron oxide and potash. There are three types of Laterite soil: 

1. Dark red Laterite Soil 

2. White Laterite Soll 

3. Laterite Soil of underground water

It is found in the lower region and hilly regions of Tamilnadu, Kurg district of Karanataka, coastal region of Kerala, Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra, in between the basalt and granite hills of West Bengal, the upper part of plateaus and valley of Orissa. This soil is suitable for rice, cotton, wheat, cereals, millets, cinchona, tea, coffee, etc.

Desert Soil-

This soil consists of coarse sand particles. Soil from Rann of Katch is deposited in the western dry region by the southwest monsoon. It contains a large amount of soluble salt content. Moisture and humus are low but irrigation makes it fertile. Wheat, Sugarcane, Cotton, Jawar, Bajra, and vegetables are grown in this soil. Due to the lack of irrigation facilities, it becomes fallow or wasteland. This type of soil is found in the dry regions especially western Rajasthan, Gujarat, southern Punjab, southern Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh.

Mountain Soil -

This type of soil is found in Himalayan ranges. Generally, it is fine, marshy, and porous. Its depth is more on river valley slopes and mountain slopes This deposition is seen on the southern steep slopes of the Himalayas. The soil of the tertiary period is found in the foothills of mountain slopes which is slightly sandy, porous, and contains less humus. Good quality sandy soil is found on the slopes of the western Himalayas and the fertile soil which is rich in humus is found in the middle Himalayas. Good quality tea is produced in this soil in the valley of Doon and Kangra if the rainfall is sufficient.

 Fine clay soil is found in the southern part of the Himalayas Assam and Darjeeling which is good for tea and potato. It contains a large number of small boulders owing to the deficiency of humus and Iron. Soil formed by the lime and dolomite rocks is found near Nainital, Mussoorie, and Chakarata in which pine and sal trees are found. Granite, dolomite, and igneous rocks are found in the region of the volcanic eruption in the Himalayas. 

Soil Erosion -

The land is adversely affected by erosion. Soil without vegetation is affected more by the erosional process.  The fertility of soils of India is decreasing every year due to rapid erosion. Soil erosion is a serious problem for our country. Soil erosion not only affects the land but also human beings as it reduces production.

4. How are industries polluting our water resources? Write an article on this.

Industrial pollution

The occurrence of any undesirable change in the air, water, or land due to a physical, chemical, or biological reason which adversely affects the health, safety, and welfare of all living beings is called pollution. Man set up industries for his various basic requirements. Industrial development has, on the one hand, played an important role in developing the economy, while it has adversely affected the environment and it is assuming vast proportions day by day. Environmentalists feel that the whole atmosphere is getting polluted due to the solid waste, polluted water, and poisonous gases emitted by the industries, and the balance of the ecosystem is getting disturbed to such an extent that the life on the earth itself is in grave danger. The main types of industrial pollution are as under

1. Air pollution

2. Water pollution

3. Land pollution

4. Noise pollution

Water pollution- 

Water is necessary for life. Undesirable elements when get mixed up with water, they pollute the water. Water is used for production by industries. During the manufacturing processes harmful matter, salts, acids, chemicals, etc get mixed up with the water; this water then flows into rivers and water reservoirs. The use of this water is harmful to all living creatures and vegetation. It pollutes the sea and ocean water also.

Effects of pollution on human life-

Polluted water, germs, and viruses of many types spread diseases. Polluted water, causes many diseases like dysentery, cholera, diarrhea, typhoid, skin diseases, cough, colds, paralysis, hepatitis, and other stomach disorders.

Steps to control water pollution

1. Chemical industries that pollute the water most, should be set up away from rivers and water reservoirs.

2. Wastewater of industries should not be directly disposed of in rivers or sources of water, instead this water should be treated and used for irrigation, etc.

3. Water treatment arrangements should be made at the time of setting up of the plant itself.

4. Trees should be planted on the roadside and open land around the plant.

5. The industrialists should be advised regularly to control water pollution and the Waste government should keep a watch on industrial waste.

5. Write an article on consumer awareness.

Consumers' Awareness

Consumers and producers are complementary to each other. One produces goods and sells them, and the offer utilizes them the buying. A person may or may not be a producer but every individual is a consumer. As soon as a person buys and finds products and services to satisfy his/her needs at that moment, his/her sharing starts in the market. 

In this age of capitalism and globalization, the main objective of each producer is to maximize profit. In each and every possible way the producers are trying to base the sale of their products. Therefore in fulfillment of their, they at times forget the side of consumers and start exploiting them. For example- overcharging underweight, selling adulterated and poor quality goods misleading the consumers by giving false advertisements not providing proper after-sales service, etc. Thus in order to save himself from being cheated, it is necessary for a consumer to be aware. "Thus consumer awareness means creating awareness of a comer towards rights and duties."

Need for consumer awareness

It has been observed very often that a consumer does not get the right goods and services. He has been charged a very high price or adulterated or low-quality goods are sold to him. Therefore, it is necessary to make him aware. The following facts classify the need of making consumers aware

1. To achieve maximum satisfaction-

The income of every individual is limited. He wants to get maximum satisfaction from the goods and services with his income. He gets full satisfaction only through the good behavior of the trader/producer. Therefore it is necessary that he should get the goods that are measured appropriately and he should not be cheated in any way. For this, he should be made aware.

2. Protection against exploitation of producers-

Producers and sellers exploit the consumers in many ways as underweighting, taking more price than the market price, selling duplicate goods, etc. Big companies through their advertisements also mislead consumers. Consumer awareness shields them from the exploitation of producers and sellers.

3. Control over consumption of harmful goods- 

There are several such goods available in the market which cause harm to consumers. For example, we can take goods like cigarettes, tobacco, liquor, etc. Consumer education and awareness motivate people to purchase such goods, which is not beneficial for them. 

4. Motivation for saving-

The awareness controls people from the waste of money and extravagance and inspires them to take the right decision. Such consumer articles which e really of good quality and not merely attractive should be bought and not get attracted by the advertisement of, concession, free gifts, attractive packing etc. Thus people can use their income in the right way and can save more

5. Knowledge regarding solutions to problems - 

The consumer class is cheated due to illiteracy, innocence, and lack of information. Therefore it becomes necessary that the information about their rights should be provided to them so that they cannot be cheated by producers and sellers. Through consumer awareness, they are also made mown of the proceedings of laws so that they can solve their problems.

6. Construction of a healthy society - 

Every member of society is a consumer, so if the consumer is aware and rational, then the complete society becomes healthy and alert toward their rights. In such a situation it is not possible for producers and sellers to cheat or deceive them.

6. Write some branded products which we use daily. (Soaps, toothpaste, clothes, electronic items, etc.). Examine which of these products are produced by multinational companies?

In today's world, there are several alternatives of goods and services available to a consumer. The latest models of camera mobile in developed countries of the world are available at very cheap prices. Some years ago only Ambassador and Fiat cars were seen on the Indian roads. But today cars made from many things like clothes of different countries, fruits, tinned food, etc. are also available in Indian markets. Here this fact is worth quoting that these varieties of goods and services are available for last two decades only. Prior to this, goods manufactured within the country were only available to us. 

The reality is that today foreign trade has linked all the countries of the world together. There are several big companies in the world, which are called 'multinational companies'; they sell their products in several countries of the world. This is noticeable here that a multinational company is that which produces goods in more than one country. These companies produce goods on large scale and sell these produced goods in several countries.

Branded products which we use daily

1. LUX Soaps

2. Colgate Toothpaste

3. Siyaram suiting.

4. Samsung Mobile

5. Maggi Nuddles

Lux Soap is produced by Unilever. It is a multinational company. 

Colgate is produced by Palmolive. It is a multinational company.

Samsung is a multinational company. Its home country is South Korea.

Maggi Nuddles is produced by Nestle. It is a multinational company.

Multinational Company- 

A company whose work is related to production and sale is spread over in other countries also.

Multinational Corporations ar Multinational Companies are corporate organizations that operate in more than one country other than the home country. Multinational companies (MNCs) have their central head office in the home country and secondary offices, facilities, factories, industries, and other such assets in other countries.

These companies operate worldwide and are hence also known as global enterprises. The activities are controlled and operated by the parent company worldwide. Products and services of MNCs are sold around various countries which require global management.

High turnover and many assets, aggressive marketing are some of the features of Multinational companies. TCS, Tech Mahindra, and Infosys are some of the examples of MNCs in India.

Globalization helps one company convert into a Multinational Company. Let's see the meaning of Globalisation, its Factors, Advantages, and disadvantages.

Meaning of Globalisation

Due to growing foreign trade, the markets of different countries and the goods sold in them have been unified. The growing trend of foreign trade has now brought the markets of different countries close to each other. Advanced technology has played a very significant role in this closeness and has changed the whole world into a big village. This is globalization, where markets of different countries work together in the form of a unit.

Thus globalization is meant the working of the whole world together with cooperation and coordination in the form of a market. Under the process of globalization, the restrictions on the inflow and outflow of goods and services from one country to another are withdrawn. Thereby the market prices start operating freely in the whole of the world. As a result, the prices in all the countries become near about uniform. In this way, as a result of globalization, all the markets of the world are unified.

Therefore it can be said that globalization is a process under which all business activities are internationalized and they start working in the form of a unit.

Factors inspiring globalization-

1. Expansion of Technical knowledge-

During the last 60 years, technical knowledge has developed rapidly. Transport technology has made it possible to send goods to distant places at a lower cost.

2. Process of liberalization-

Till the middle of the twentieth century, production was limited mainly within the boundaries of the countries. So many countries imposed strict restrictions to protect the goods produced by them from the competition.

3. Expansion of competition and market-

Competition has special importance in the capitalist economic system. In this system, different manufacturing companies in order to seek the hold on market take the support of the competition. For this purpose, these companies along with cutting down the prices, use advertisements and various mediums of convincing and pushing their products. 

4. Expansion of multinational companies-

Multinational companies play a significant role in linking distant countries with each other. These companies set up their factories for production purposes in those countries where they get cheaper labor and other means of production and due to this the capacity of these companies to complete increases.

Features of Multinational Company

1. High Turnover and Many Assets-

Multinational company has a high turnover than small-cap companies. This company has a number of assets in its home country and another country.

2. Control

The multinational company has control large area of the market in its home country and another country.

3. Technological Advantages

During the last 60 years, technical knowledge has developed rapidly. Transport technology has made it possible to send goods to distant places at a lower cost.

4. Management by Professionals

Multination companies are mange by highly qualified Professionals. They are able to make the company's future plans and before applying they calculate profit, loss, and investments.

5. Aggressive Marketing

Today in the age of computers, telemarketing and E-commerce have become very popular. You also must have seen the advertisement on TV. The information about the goods and their prices are also given in the advertisement.

These advertisements are so attractive that people are influenced by them and purchase the goods. 

The multinational company uses all means of communication at a large scale to reach consumers.

7. Describe the various challenges of the democratic system of governance.

Various Challenges to the Democracy

1. Population explosion

2. Unemployment problem 

3. Communalism

4. Terrorism

5. Drug addiction

6. Impediments in the way of development of democracy

7. Steps to remove the hindrances in the way of democracy

India achieved independence on the 15th of August 1947, during the last 7 decades the Country made great progress in many sectors. Many reforms were bought about in the social, economic, and political sectors. However, the pace of progress has been rather slow because there are many challenges that the country is facing. Because of the problems like communalism, casteism, regional feelings, terrorism, poverty, and unemployment em, the country is facing: It has not become possible for the government to pay wholehearted attention only to developmental activities and visualize all the funds careered for The above-mentioned problems are unnecessarily increasing differences and sense of distrust among people of the country. This is unnecessarily distorting peace and harmony in the country. Moreover, certain old traditions, customs, and beliefs that are not in conformity with the present-day situations are prevalent even today in Indian society, Violence by terrorists sometimes assumes serious situations. It is time that serious thought is given to those challenges and efforts are made to combat them.

 

1. Population Explosion-

When the rate of growth of the population becomes very fast and assumes such proportions that the available resources fall short of the goods of the people, such a situation is termed a Population explosion. All the efforts directed toward the economic development of the country are nullified because of the fast growth of the population.

The geographical area of the Cosastry is 2.4 percent of the total geographical area of the world whereas, the country's population is 16.87 percent of the world's population India is second in the world so far as population is concerned while its place is seventh in the world in respect of the geographical area available. Because of the population explosion, the problems of food, clothing, and shelter have become gave

As per the 1901 Census, the population of the country was 23.5 crores which have increased to 102.7 crores as per the census of 2001.

The death rate in the country has reduced considerably due to the expansion of health facilities and the spread of education in the country although the birth rate is also reducing its pace is rather slow. The adequacy or otherwise of the natural resources of the country is dependent on the size of the population of that country. An increase in population is more than proportionate and is a curse for underdeveloped countries. The rate at which the population increases, the national production doesn't increase in that proportion, as a result of this, per capita average income reduces, and the standard of living of the people becomes low.

The efficiency and capacity of people to work are also affected adversely. In our country, a family with two children has been considered ideal whereas, in our neighboring country China, a family with only one child has been considered to be ideal. With the pace at which the population of our country is increasing, it may soon exceed the population of China.

Unemployment

Unemployment is a situation where people are willing to work on the prevalent rate of wages/salary but they do not find work. In this situation thus the gap between the available labour supply and opportunities for employment increases

The supply of labor is more as compared to the demand, Le people are willing t work but they are not able to get work. In India, unemployment is both in urban areas su also it rural areas.

1. Urban unemployment-

The number of educated unemployed youths is increasing because of two reasons youths acquire higher education in the hope of getting better employment opportunities so also there is an influx of the working population from village urban areas. On the other hand, due to mechanization and modernization need for large amber of employees has diminished, as a result, employment opportunities have diminished, so also unemployment in the industrial sector has also increased.

2. Rural unemployment-

In the agriculture sector opportunities for gainful employment throughout the year are not there; farmers are unemployed for about six months a year. Cottage industries have also not developed due to lack of capita consequently they are unable to employ themselves around the year and their income also not increasing.

Communalism -

India is a secular country where people of different castes, religions,s, and sects live Communalen implies respecting only one's own religion, spreading hatred for others' religion, working only with the narrow end of respecting own religion, and not caring for larger national interest may be termed as communalism.

Before Independence, the Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, and Christians all took part in the freedom struggle in a united manner and succeeded in achieving dependence. The British people adopted the policy of divide and rule and spread hatred amongst different communities. The country was divided into two, on the basis of religion. A sense of distrust developed and communalism took roots which is present in the country even today.

In our country, all sects and religions have existed and all the sects and religions have played a role in the development of the Country's Beautiful monuments like Tajmahal, Fatehpur Sikri, Red Font,  Meenakshi Temple, Temples of Khajuraho, and Sun temple of Konark, Vivekanand Memorial, Sanchi, etc are gifts of different religions and e Indians are proud of them. Communalism is a curse for national unity and humanity.

 

Factors responsible for communalism

1. The British policy of dividing the country is responsible for the spread of communalism in the country, as a result of which a sense of distrust has developed among people of different religions who were earlier living in harmony in the country.

2. The politicians and political leaders accept the reasonable demands of the people of different sects and religions and please them for winning the elections and political gain.

3. Some political leaders also, for their selfish motives, do not make efforts to spread education amongst the illiterate people to eradicate unemployment and poverty and only encourage the people to take religious education of their sects.

In the absence of the right education, rational thinking does not develop among them and their living standard does not improve.

4. Some countries make exaggerated propaganda of small events and are communal feelings among the people of the country.

5. Sometimes the government also does not take the right action timely, if this is done, the events taking a grave turn can be checked and riots can be prevented.

6. Separatist tendencies of different religions and sects are also responsible for the spread of communalism.

Due to communalism and the resultant riots and disturbances, great loss of lives and property, both private and public, take place. The situation of political instability also arises. Communalism also affects elections, people elect even the unsuitable and undesirable candidates of their community. It affects the unity and harmony in the nation.

Terrorism

Violence by some people or groups of people against humanity is terrorism. It is crime against democracy. Terrorism has become a universal problem these days. Terrorists are spreading their activities in the world to terrorize people and a sense of insecurity is developing among them. They justify unethical means also and try to pour a danger to the unity and integrity of the country. Some foreign elements, extremists, and people with separatist tendencies are encouraging terrorism. They want to terrorize people by disturbing the peace in the whole world. A few years back the terrorists destroyed the World Trade Centre in a prosperous country like the United States of America Thousand people died and the whole world was stunned by this act. The county suffered huge financial loss and a sense of insecurity spread among the people. They explode bombs and adopt practices that divide society. In India terrorism be seen in three forms

1. Religious terrorism-

The terrorism we see in Jammu and Kashmir is an example of this. The intention of the terrorists there is to kill people, abduct them, rob them, and disrupt the law, and order situation in the State. The terrorists coming from the other side of the border are carrying out activities in the name of religion. They are compelling the people of a particular community to abandon their homes and rob them. The terrorist activities are continuing unabated and India was compelled to fight 3 wars with Pakistan because of these types of activities.

2. Naxalite activities-

The activities of the Naxalites also disrupted the law and order situation in the country. Such activity first started in a village called Naxalbadi in West Bengal, therefore it is called Naxalism. They also are engaged in the same type of anti-social activities. Their activities are spreading in Andhra Pradesh, Chhatisgarh West Bengal, etc. They claim that they are followers of Marxist and Maoist ideologies. 

3. Communal Terrorism-

In the States of North-East India tribal and non-tribal communities constantly fight with each other. They are posing a law and order problem before the country.

Impact, and effect of terrorism-

1. A sense of insecurity prevails amongst the people

2. Economic progress is hampered, instead of paying attention to development activities, the Government has to pay attention towels combating terrorist activities and helping affected families, this adversely affects the government schemes

3. There is considerable loss of life and property. Innocent people are killed. Public and private property is damaged.

4. Terrorism poses a situation of undeclared war. Some countries terrorism as a diplomatic tool.

Drug Addiction-

Drugs make the head inactive, blood circulation becomes fast and such kick gr momentary pleasure. When intoxicating things are taken, the person loses control over himself, the brain becomes inactive and the body also becomes active when the effect of the intoxicant is gone.

These days the trend of drug addiction has increased which is a cause of concern. Drug production takes place only in a few countries but its consumption (use) is worldwide. They are smuggled because they fetch a very high price. The following commodities may be included in the category of drugs:

Liquor, Cigarettes, Ganja, Bhang, opium, Charas, Cocaine, Morphine, Heroin etc. 

Effects of drugs 

1. Drug addiction adversely affects the health of the concerned person. The body becomes inactive and the person suffers from several diseases.

2. The physical and mental efficiency deteriorates and the person is incapable to do mone work.

3. His financial condition also deteriorates. A major portion of the income is wasted on drugs which, otherwise, could have been utilized for family needs. Domestic quarrels increase and the development of children is adversely affected. 

4. Social status of the drug addicts is also adversely affected. They are not looked upon in society as good people. The whole family has to suffer.

5. Due to the consumption of drugs quarrels, thefts, and sex crimes increase, and the law and order situation also deteriorates

6. Smuggling of drugs increases and the government has to spend its energy and resources to control drug trafficking.

Impediments in the way of development of democracy

The democratic form of government has been considered to be the best among all other forms of Government. The structure of Indian democracy is based on its Constitution and this system is functioning with the cooperation of different political parties.

The challenges our democracy is facing are hurdles in the way of the success of our democracy.

1. Poverty and rising number of unemployed people.

2. Casteism, regional feelings, and Linguistic problems.

3. Illiteracy.

4. Social evils.

5. Role of the media.

7. Steps to remove the hindrances in the way of democracy

In the preamble of the Constitution, the objectives of the state policy have been clearly defined. These objectives are a democratic secular republic, equality, liberty, and fraternity for all the citizens: social, economic, and political justice, the dignity of the people, and protection of the unity and integrity of the people.

People of India believe in the supernatural power (One God) but they are generally not communal. Therefore educated and enlightened people should save people from communal feelings. It is high time people understand that caste-based politics only divide the people.

8. Write an article about the different parties in the Indian system of governance.

Need for political parties

Political parties are easily one of the most visible institutions in a democracy. For most ordinary citizens, democracy is equal to political parties. If you travel to remote parts of our country and speak to the less educated citizens, you could come across people who may not know anything about our Constitution or about the nature of our government. But chances are that they would know something about our political parties. At the same time, this visibility does not mean popularity. Most people tend to be very critical of political parties. They tend to blame parties for all that is wrong with our democracy and our political life. Parties have become identified with social and political divisions.

Therefore, it is natural to ask-do we need political parties at all? About a hundred years ago there were few countries in the world that had any political party. Now there are few that do not have parties. Why did political parties become so omnipresent in democracies all over the world? Let us first answer what political parties are and what they do, before we say why we need them.

Meaning of political parties

A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programs for society with a view to promoting the collective good. Since there can be different views on what is good for all, parties try to persuade people why their policies are better than others. They sock to implement these policies by winning popular support through elections.

Thus, parties reflect fundamental political divisions in society. Parties are about a part of society and thus involve PARTISANSHIP. Thus a party is known by which part it stands for, which policies it supports and whose interests it upholds. A political party has three components:

1. The leaders,

2. The active members and,

3. The followers

Functions of political parties

1. Parties shape public opinion. They raise and highlight issues Parties have lakhs of members and activists spread all over the country: Many of the pressure groups are the extensions of political parties among different sections of society: Parties sometimes also launch movements for the resolution of problems faced by people. Often opinions in society crystallize on the lines parties take.

2. Parties put forward different policies and programs and the voters choose from them. Each of us may have different opinions and views on what policies are suitable for society: But no government can handle such a large variety of views. In a democracy, a large number of similar opinions have to be grouped together to provide a direction in which policies can be formulated by the government. This is what the parties do. A party reduces a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions that it supports A government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the RULING PARTY.

3. Parties contest elections. In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates put up by political parties Parties select their candidates in different ways. In some countries, such as the USA, members and supporters of a party choose their candidates. Now more and more countries are following this method. In other counties like India, top party leaders choose candidates for contesting elections.

4. Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country. Formally, laws are debated and passed in the legislature. But since most of the members belong to a party, they go by the direction of the party leadership, irrespective of their personal opinions.

5. Parties form and run governments. As we noted last year, the big policy decisions are taken by the political executive that comes from the political parties. Parties recruit leaders, train them and then make them ministers to run the government in the way they want.

6. Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the parties in power, by voicing different views and criticizing the government for its failures or wrong policies. Opposition parties also mobilize opposition to the government.

7. Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by governments. For an ordinary citizen, it is easy to approach a local party leader than a  government officer. That is why they feel close to parties even when they do not fully trust them. Parties have to be

responsive to people's needs and demands. Otherwise, people can reject those parties in the next elections.

The necessity of political parties

This list of functions in a sense answers the question asked above: we need political parties because they perform all these functions. But we still need to ask why modem democracies cannot exist without political parties. We can understand the necessity of political parties by imagining a situation without parties. Every candidate in the elections will be independent. So no one will be able to make any promises to the people about any significant policy changes. The government may be formed, but its utility will remain ever uncertain. Elected representatives will be accountable to their constituency for what they do in the locality. But no one will be responsible for how the country will be run.

We can also think about it by looking at the non-party-based elections to the panchayat in many states. Although the parties do not contest formally, it is generally noticed that the village gets split into more than one faction, each of which puts up a panel of its candidates This is exactly what the party does. That is the reason we find political parties in almost all countries of the world, whether these counties are big or small, old or new, developed or developing.

The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies. As we have seen, large societies need representative democracy. As societies became large and complex, they also needed some Agency to gather different views on various issues and to present these to the government. They needed some ways, to bring various oppose them. Political parties fulfill representatives together so that these needs that every representative responsible government could be formed. They needed a mechanism to support or restrain the government, make policies, and justify or government. We can say that parties are a necessary condition for democracy.

Indian National Congress (INC) 

Popularly known as the Congress Part One of the oldest parties in the world Founded in 1885 and has experienced many splits. Played a dominant role in Indian politics at the national and state level for several decades after India's Independence. Under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, the party sought to build a modern secular democratic republic in India. The ruling party was at the center til 1977 and then from 1980 to1989. After 1989, its support declined, but it continues to be present throughout the country cutting social divisions. A centrist party (neither rightist nor left) in its ideological orientation, the party espouses secularism and the welfare of weaker sections and minorities. The INC supports new economic reform but with a human face. Leader of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government from 2004 to 2019. In the 2019 Lok Sabha election, 19.5% voted and 52 seats.

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP): 

Founded in 1980 by reviving the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh, and by Syama Prasad Mukherjee in 1951. Wants to build a strong and modem India by drawing inspiration from India's ancient culture and values, and Deendayal Upadhyaya's ideas of integral humanism and Antyodaya. Cultural nationalism (or Hindutva) is an important element in its conception of Indian nationhood and politics. Wants full territorial and political integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India, a uniform civil code for all people living in the county irrespective of religion, and a ban on religious conversions. Its support base increased substantially in the 1990s. Earlier limited to north and west and so urban areas, the party expanded in support in the south, the east, the northeast, and rural areas. Came to power in 1998 as the leader of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) including several regional parties. Emerged as the largest party with 303 members in the 2019 Lok Sabha elections. Currently leads the ruling NDA government at the Centre.

Communist Party of India (CPI) 

Formed in 1925. Believes in Marxism-Leninism, secularism, and democracy. Opposed to the forces of secessionism and communalism. Accepts parliamentary democracy as a means of promoting the interests of the working class, farmers, and the poor. Became weak after the split in the party in 1964 that led to the formation of the CPI(M). Significant presence in the state of Kerala. West Bengal, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. Its support base had gradually declined over the years. It secured less than 1 percent of votes and 2 seats in the 2019 Lok Sabha elections. Advocates the coming together of all left parties to build a song left front.

All India Trinamool Congress (AITC):

Launched on 1 January 1998 under the leadership of Mamata Banerjee. Recognized as a national pay in 2016. The party's symbol is flowers and grass, Committed to secularism and federalism. Has been in power in West Bengal since 2011. Also has a presence in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, and Tripura. In the General Elections held in 2019, got 4.07 percent votes and won 22 seats, making it the fourth largest party in the Lok Sabha.

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP):

Formed in 1984 under the leadership of Kanshi Ram. Seeks to represent and secure power for the Bahujan samaj which includes the Dalits, Adivasis, OBCs, and religious minorities. Draws inspiration from the ideas and teachings of Sahu Maharaj, Mahatma Phule, Periyar Ramaswan Naicker, and Babasaheb Ambedkar. Stands for the cause of securing the interests and welfare of the Dalits and oppressed people. It has its main base in the state of Utter Pradesh and a substantial presence in neighboring states like Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Delhi, and Punjab. Formed government in Uttar Pradesh several times by taking the support of different parties at different times I the Lok Sabha elections held in 2019, is polled about 3.63 percent votes and secured 10 seats in the Lok Sabha.

Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M):

Founded in 1964 Believes in Marxism-Leninism. Support socialism secularism and democracy and opposes imperialism and communalism. Accept democratic election as a useful and helpful means for securing the objective of social economic justice in India. Enjoys strong support in West Bengal, Kerala, and Tripura, especially among the poor, factory workers, farmers, laborers, and the intelligentsia. Critical of the new economic policies that allow free flow of foreign capital and goods into the country. Was in power in West Bengal without a link for 34 years. In the 2019 Lak Sabha elections, it won about 1.75 percent of the votes and 3 seats.

9. Write the contribution of Madhya Pradesh in various movements launched by Gandhiji.

Contribution of Madhya Pradesh to the national movement

All sections of the population of Madhya Pradesh are actively ted in the national movement. The tribals played the ruling families and their subjects also participated in the struggle. The peasants also made their contribution in their own way. Thus people of all sections participated in the 'Non-cooperation movement, 'Civil Disobedience Salt movement, Jungle Satyagraha, and the movement of 1942. The center of activities of the great revolutionary, Chandra Shekhar Azad was Orchha. The Red Army of Maganlal Bagdi too lead as an armed revolutionary. 

Lokmanya Tilak, Mahatma Gandhi, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Dr. Ansari, Maluna Azad were the leaders who motivated the freedom struggle in Madhya Pradesh. Pandit Ravishankar Shukla, Pt. Sunderlal Sharma, Dwarka Prasad Mishra, Thakur Niranjan Singh, Seth Govinddas, Hari Vishnu Kamath, Thakur Pyarelal, E. Raghavendra Rao, Mahant Laxmi Narayan Das, Shhadrakumari Chauhan, Wamanrao Lakhe, Ghanshyam Singh Gupta, Bhai Abdul Gani, Vishnudatta Shukla, Beohar Rajendra, Kashi Prasad Pandey, Chaudhari Shankarlal Dubey, Narayanmao Meghawale, Captain Avdhesh Pratap Singh, Lal Yadavendra Singh, Raj Bhau Singh Tiwari, Lalram Vajpai, Chaturbhuj Pathak, Brijalal Biyani, Shyam Narayan Kashmiri, Gopikrishna Vijaivargiya, Leeladhar Joshi, Shyamlal Pandaviya, Jagannath Prasad Milind, Marlidhar Ghule, R. M. Argare Advocate, Krishnakant Vyas, Mishrilal Gangwal, Kanhaiyalal Vaidya, Master Lal Singh, Shankar Dayal Sharma, Baijnath Mahodaya, Kanhaiyalal Khadiwala, Durgashankar Mehta and many others were prominent freedom fighters of Madhya Pradesh.

Non-cooperation movement

Great enthusiasm was witnessed during the Non-cooperation movement among people of not only the big princely states of Gwalior, Indore, and Bhopal but it was seen among the people of small states also. During this period Gandhiji toured Chhindwara, Jabalpur, Khandwa, Seoni, etc. This tour aroused great national awareness among the people.

The people of Madhya Pradesh participated in the non-cooperation movement and look pant to the activities like the movement against the consumption of liquor. Tilak Swaraj fund, the boycott of foreign cloth, the boycott of Government schools and establishment of national educational institutions, the Handloom industry, etc. The advocates abandoned their practice Those advocates who went to courts wore Gandhi caps. District committees ignored Government orders and hoisted the national flags. Due to this, the sense of fear and feeling of slavery in the British Empire ended. Examples of religious harmony were also seen.

'Jhanda Satyagraha' (1923)-

The national flag of a country is the symbol of sovereignty, self-respect and a sense of pride for the people During the freedom movement, tricolour with a spinning wheel (charkha) in the center was having the status of the national flag; in 1923 an incident with regard to its honour occurred and the whole nation stood for it and even the British administration had to recognize that fact. This is a golden incidence in the history of freedom struggle and is known as Jhanda Satyagraha. The Congress party constituted a committee under the leadership of Hakim Ajmal Khan to assess the extent of mental preparedness of the people in favour of the Non-Cooperation Movement. The Jabalpur Congress Committee decided to honour Mr. Khan and hoist the Tricolour on the building of Jabalpur Municipality, The British Government took this act of honouring Mr. Khan as an insult to the British rule and ordered the police to not only remove the flag but insult it by crushing it under feet. Consequently, the people were extremely annoyed. They agitated and this agitation became a national agitation only after a few months. Against this action (insulting the flag) of the British rule, Pandit Sunderlal, Subhadrakumari Chauhan, Nathuram Modi, Narsinghdas Agrawal, Laxman Singh Chouhan, and some volunteers took out a procession along with the tricolour. The police arrested all the leaders' Pandit Sunderlal was tried in the court of law and imprisoned for six months. All the members of Jabalpur Municipality, the leaders in the second batch comprising Premchandra, Sitaram Jadhav' Chhigelal Swarnkar, and Todermal hoisted the flag on the town hall. The Jhanda Movement spread to other parts of India including Nagpur.

Civil Disobedience Movement -

The forest struggle (Satyagraha) of Turia Jungle

When in 1930 Gandhiji marched to Dandi and led the 'Namak Satyagraha', at the time the congress workers of Seoni, under the leadership of Durga Shankar Mehta, carried out the Jungle Satyagraha'. About 9-10 Kms from Seoni, a movement to cut grass from the Government Sandalwood Gardens, was started. In continuation of the above movement another movement to cut grass in the Jungles of Duria 28 Km from Seoni It was planned to enter Duria jungle on 9th October 1930. The police and range officers insulted the freedom fighters and the public who had assembled there in support of the freedom fighters The Deputy Commissioner, Seoni ordered police to open fire on them to teach a lesson. On the spot four tribals VIZ. Guddodai, Renabai, Bemabai and Hirju Gond died. This incidence is proof of the fact that the freedom movement spread even among the tribals. The bodies of these martyrs were not handed over to their families.

'Jungle Satyagraha' of Ghodadongri-

The tribal district Betul was also a center of freedom struggle and the tribals here and also participated in the freedom movement. After the 'Jungle movement' of 1930, the tribal freedom fighters also took the reigns of the freedom movement in their hands under the leadership of Ganjan Singh Korku of Banjari Dhal. When the police reached Banjari Dhal to arrest Shri Ganjan Singh the local tribals strongly opposed it. The police opened fire and in firing, Koma Gond died and became a martyr. Ganjan Singh however escaped. In a place named Jambada, a crowd gathered to free the arrested tribals, police opened fire on the crowd, and Ramu and Makdu Gond died and became martyrs. 

The firing incidence of Charanpaduka

On the 14th of January 1931 on the 'Makar Sankranti', the day a large number of freedom fighters gathered in a meeting at a place named 'Charan Paduka' on the bank of river Urmil in the state of Chhatarpur. The political Agent of Naogaon ordered to open fire on this crowd without giving prior notice as a result of which many people died. In this heinous firing which is also known as 'Madhya Pradesh's Jalian Wala Bagh' as per Governments acceptance', 6 persons VIZ. Seth Sunderlal, Dharamdas Khirwa, Chirku, Halke Kurmi, Ramlal Kurmi and Raghuraj Sing ware shotdead.

10. Why is the Reserve Bank called the "Banker of Banks"? Write.

Introduction of Reserve Bank of India-

The Reserve Bank of India chiefly known as RBI is India's central bank and regularly body responsible for the regulation of the Indian banking system. It is under the ownership of the Ministry of Finance Government of India. It is responsible for the issue and supply of the Indian rupees.

Founded: 1 April 1935, Kolkata

Headquarters: Mumbai, Maharastra, India.

Currency: Indian Rupees

Jurisdiction: India.

Kendriya (Reserve) Bank- 

Kendriya bank is the supreme institution of the king system of any country. It has no direct relation with the people. The management, supply, and control of the currency of the country are done by this bank only. It is the banker of the government. It maintains the record of all types of accounts of the government and whenever needed provide loans to the government also. It is a 'Bank of the Banks.  All kinds of banks in the country have to keep a fixed percentage amount of banking functions to do the total deposits in it. The bank lends loans also to other banks whenever it is needed. Other than this, it keeps checking on the quantity of the currency and credit in the country. Al the other banks have to follow their orders and policies. In India, this Bank is known as 'The Reserve Bank of India'

(content from an old & new sst textbook of MP)